Maelectrode eGraphite ndiwo anonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzira simbi kwenguva pfupi (electrical arc furnace steel making), ane mabasa akakosha anoonekwa muzvikamu zvina zvakakosha: kufambisa magetsi nekufambisa kupisa, kugadzikana kwemaitiro, kusimudzira kushanda zvakanaka, uye kuchinjika kwezvakatipoteredza. Ongororo yakadzama ndeiyi inotevera:
I. Kufambiswa Kwemagetsi uye Kutamiswa Kwekupisa: "Simba Rinochinja" reMafuta Emagetsi
Kugadzira simbi kwenguva pfupi kunonyanya kushandisa simbi dzakasara sezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa, kuchinyungudutsa nekuchinatsa kuita simbi kuburikidza nemagetsi emagetsi (EAF). Sezvinhu zvinofambisa magetsi, mabasa makuru ema graphite electrodes ndeaya:
- Kutapurirana Kwesimba reMagetsi: Maelectrode eGraphite anounza simba remagetsi rine simba guru muchoto, zvichigadzira ma arc emagetsi anodziya zvakanyanya (anodarika 4,000°C) pakati pema electrodes nesimbi yakapwanyika, zvichinyungudutsa zvakapwanyika zvakananga.
- Kutamiswa Kwekupisa Kunoshanda: Kufambiswa kwakanyanya kwemafuta egraphite (anenge 100–200 W/(m·K)) kunoita kuti kupisa kupfuure nekukurumidza kubva pamagetsi kuenda kumoto wechoto, zvichideredza nguva yekunyunguduka uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba.
- Kuramba Kupisa Kwakanyanya: Graphite ine poindi yekunyunguduka inodarika 3,500°C, yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura tembiricha yekugadzira simbi (inenge 1,600–1,800°C), zvichiita kuti ishande kwenguva refu isina kunyunguduka uye ichivimbisa kugadzirwa kwesimbi nguva dzose.
II. Kugadzikana Kwemaitiro: "Anchor" Mumamiriro Ekushanda Akanyanya
Nzvimbo yekugadzira simbi muchoto chemagetsi ine hukasha hwakanyanya, uye ma electrode e graphite anovimbisa kugadzikana kwemaitiro kuburikidza nehunhu hunotevera:
- Kuramba Kupisa Nekuvhunduka: Kuwanda kwemafuta eGraphite (inenge 1–2 × 10⁻⁶/°C) kunoita kuti ikwanise kutsungirira kuchinja kukuru kwekushisa panguva yekutanga uye kudzima magetsi (kubva pakupisa kwemukamuri kusvika 4,000°C), zvichidzivirira kutsemuka kana kuputsika.
- Kugadzikana kweMakemikoro: Graphite hainyanyi kushanda nezvinhu zvechoto (simbi dzakapwanyika, alloys, nezvimwewo) pakupisa kwakanyanya, zvichideredza kusvibiswa uye zvichiita kuti simbi ive yakachena.
- Simba reMuchina: Maelectrode egraphite ane simba guru anogona kutsungirira masimba e arc, kukanganiswa nemoto wechoto, uye kushushikana kwemuchina panguva yekubata, zvichideredza mwero wekudonha kwesimba.
III. Kuvandudza Kushanda Nesimba: "Chinokurumidzisa" Kugadzira Simbi Nemapurogiramu Mapfupi
Kushanda kwema graphite electrodes kunokanganisa zvakananga kushanda zvakanaka kwesimbi uye mitengo:
- Kushanda Nesimba Kwemagetsi Kwakanyanya: Kusasimba kwemagetsi kweGraphite (inenge 10⁻⁴ Ω·cm) kunoderedza kurasikirwa nesimba remagetsi, kudzikamisa kupisa kwearc, uye kunowedzera kumhanya kwekunyunguduka ne10%–20%.
- Magadzirirwo Anogona Kugadziriswa: Madhayamita nehurefu hwemaerekitirodhi zvinogona kugadzirwa kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa nemaovheni emagetsi ane matani akasiyana (semuenzaniso, maerekitirodhi eΦ300–400 mm emaovheni madiki uye maerekitirodhi ane simba guru eΦ700–800 mm emaovheni makuru).
- Kushandiswa Kwakanaka: Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kwakaderedza kushandiswa kwema electrode e graphite patani imwe neimwe yesimbi kubva pa 9.3 kg muna 1960 kusvika pa 2.82 kg muna 1994, zvichideredza zvakanyanya mitengo yekugadzira simbi.
IV. Kuchinjika Kwezvakatipoteredza: "Chinhu Chinokosha" Chekugadzira Simbi Zvisina Kuchena
Kugadzira simbi kwenguva pfupi kunotsiva "simbi yesimbi + coke" ne "simbi isina chinhu + magetsi," zvichideredza kuburitswa kwekabhoni neinenge 75%. Munyaya iyi, ma electrodes e graphite:
- Tsigira Simba Rakachena: Dzinoenderana zvakakwana ne "magetsi anotsiva marasha" echitofu chemagetsi, zvichikonzera shanduko shoma yeindasitiri yekugadzira simbi.
- Deredza Kusvibiswa Kwemhepo: Zvichienzaniswa nekushandiswa kwenguva refu kwe "blast furnace-converter", kugadzira simbi mu "electric arc furnace" kunoderedza kusvibiswa kwevhu ne60%–80%. Sechikamu chikuru, ma "graphite electrodes" anobatsira mukuzadzisa zvinangwa zvezvakatipoteredza.
- Kurudzira Kudzokorodza Zviwanikwa: Simbi dzakapwanyika dzinoshanda sezvinhu zvakacheneswa zvakananga zvekushandisa ma electrode e graphite, zvichigadzira kutenderera kwakavharwa kwe "ma electrode e steel-electric arc furnace-graphite" uye zvinosimudzira kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa.
V. Kukosha Kwehurongwa: "Mari Yakaoma" muChikamu Chemaindasitiri Chepasi Pose
- Kugadzirwa Kwakakora: Kugona kwekugadzira ma electrode e graphite pasi rose kwakabatana nemakambani mashoma muChina, akadai seFangda Carbon, iyo inoumba 30% yehuwandu hwepasi rose. China inopa anopfuura 60% yemusika wepasi rose, ichibata simba rehurongwa.
- Zvipingamupinyi Zvepamusoro Zvehunyanzvi: Maelectrode egraphite ane simba guru anoda zvinhu zvepamusoro-soro zvakaita se needle coke uye modified pitch, uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kunogara kwemwedzi 3-6. Miganho yehunyanzvi inoganhurira vatsva vanotanga.
- Kukanganiswa kweGeopolitical: Muna 2025, Japan yakatanga kuferefeta kwekurwisa dumping electrodes eChinese graphite, ichiratidza kukosha kwawo muhurongwa. China yakasimbisa chinzvimbo chayo mumusika kuburikidza nezvibvumirano zvakaita seRegional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) uku ichikurumidzisa R&D yetekinoroji kusimbisa kuchengetedzeka kwemaindasitiri.
Mhedziso
Ma electrode e graphite ave chinhu chakakosha mukugadzira simbi kwenguva pfupi kuburikidza nemabasa awo mana makuru: kufambisa magetsi uye kutamisa kupisa, kugadzikana kwemaitiro, kusimudzira kushanda zvakanaka, uye kuchinjika kwezvakatipoteredza. Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye kugadzikana kwekupa muma electrode e graphite hakungopesvedzeri chete mitengo nekushanda zvakanaka asiwo kunoumba zvakanyanya shanduko ye low-carbon uye geopolitical dynamics yeindasitiri yesimbi yepasi rose. Nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekugadzira simbi ye arc furnace (China ine chinangwa che15%–20% panosvika 2025), kudiwa kwemusika uye hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji hwema electrode e graphite zvicharamba zvichikurumidza, zvichishanda se "injini isingaonekwe" yekuvandudza mhando yepamusoro muindasitiri yesimbi.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-18-2025