Kabhoni yakawanda isina kugadzika uye sarufa shoma, nitrogen shoma uye dota shoma zvakakosha kune zvinogadzira kabhoni, sezvo zviratidzo izvi zvichikanganisa zvakananga kushanda kwekabhoni, mhando yekukanda uye mari yekugadzira, uye ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha pakuongorora mashandiro ezvinogadzira kabhoni. Ongororo chaiyo ndeiyi inotevera:
1. Kabhoni yakasimba: Chinhu chikuru chinoita kuti kabhoni ishande zvakanaka
Basa guru: Kabhoni yakagadzika ndiyo chinhu chinoshanda chinonyatsobatanidzwa mukuwedzera kabhoni mukuwedzera kabhoni, uye zviri mukati mayo zvinosarudza zvakananga mhedzisiro yekuwedzera kabhoni. Kana huwandu hwekabhoni yakagadzika hwakawedzera, zvinhu zvakawanda zvekabhoni zvinogona kupihwa nekuwedzera kabhoni pahuniti imwe neimwe, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekuwedzera kabhoni kunowedzera.
Hupfumi: Kabhoni yakawanda inogona kuderedza huwandu hwekabhoni inoshandiswa uye kuderedza mari yekugadzira. Semuenzaniso, kana huwandu hwekabhoni hwakagadzika hukawedzera kubva pa90% kusvika pa95%, kushanda zvakanaka kwekabhoni kunogona kukwira ne10% kusvika pa15%, ukuwo zvichideredza kupindira kwetsvina yakaita sedota pakunyungudutsa.
Kuenderana kwemaitiro: Mukunyungudutsa muchoto che induction, zvinhu zvinogadzira kabhoni yakasimba zvinogona kunyunguduka nekukurumidza uye kupararira zvakaenzana, zvichidzivirira kushanduka kwekushanda kwekukanda kunokonzerwa nekunyunguduka kwekabhoni kusina kuenzana.
2. Kuderera kwehuwandu hwemadota: Kunoderedza kukanganiswa kwetsvina uye kunovandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekunyungudutsa
Njodzi yemadota: Madota kusachena kwekabhoni muzvinhu zvinowedzerwa mukabhoni (zvakaita sesimbi oxides, silicates, nezvimwewo). Kana zvirimo zvakawandisa, zvinoumba slag layer, zvichifukidza zvidimbu zvekabhoni uye zvichidzivisa kunyungudika kwazvo, zvichideredza zvakanyanya mwero wekunyudzwa kwekabhoni. Semuenzaniso, kana huwandu hwemadota hukakwira kubva pa2% kusvika pa5%, mwero wekunyudzwa kwekabhoni unogona kudzikira ne20% kusvika pa30%.
Mutoro wekushanda: Kuwanda kwemadota kuchawedzerawo huwandu hwemadota, kuwedzera nguva yekuchenesa madota, uye kuwedzera kushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi uye simba revashandi. Muchoto che induction groove chinonyungudika, kuunganidzwa kwemadota kunogona kuvhara groove inonyungudika uye kuderedza kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi.
Njodzi yemhando: Kusachena kuri mumadota kunogona kupinda mumakasi, zvichikonzera zvikanganiso zvakaita semaburi uye maburi ekupwanyika, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa hunhu hwemakanika uye kunaka kwenzvimbo.
3. Sarufa shoma: Inodzivirira kupindira kwespheroidization uye inoita kuti simbi yakakandwa ishande zvakanaka
Njodzi dzesarufa: Sarufa "chinhu chinokuvadza" kune ductile iron. Inogona kukanganisa mashandiro espheroidizing agents (senge magnesium ne rare earths), zvichikonzera kukanganiswa uye kudzikira kwehuwandu hwema graphite spheres, uye kunyange kuoneka kwe flake graphite, zvichideredza zvakanyanya simba nekusimba kwe castings.
Zvinodiwa pakugadzira simbi ine ductile, huwandu hwesarufa musimbi yakanyungudutswa yekutanga hunofanira kudzorwa zvakasimba pa ≤0.015%. Saka, huwandu hwesarufa muchinhu chinowedzera kabhoni hunofanira kunge hwakaderera zvakanyanya (kazhinji ≤0.05%) kudzivirira njodzi yekuwedzera sarufa.
Kunze kwesimbi yakakandwa yegrey: Simbi yakakandwa yegrey inoda sarufa yakati (0.06%-0.12%) kuti isimbi igare yakasimba uye idzivirire kukura kwegraphitization. Zvisinei, sarufa iri mu carburizer inofanira kudzorwa zvine mwero kudzivirira kuwanda kwesarufa zvichikonzera kuti isimbi chena iite seyakakandwa.
4. Nitrogen shoma: Inodzivirira zvikanganiso zvemaburi uye inogadzirisa chimiro che metallographic
Kuwirirana kwenitrogen: Musimbi yakakandwa yegrey, nitrogen inogona kudzikamisa pearlite nekukombama uye kupfavisa graphite, nokudaro ichivandudza hunhu hwemakanika (senge simba rekusimba uye kuomarara). Zvisinei, kana huwandu hwenitrogen hukadarika huwandu hwe equilibrium (inenge 140ppm), ma castings anowanzo gadzira maburi enitrogen akaita semafissure, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwema scrap rate.
Kudzora maitiro: nitrogen yakawanda mucarburizer inoshandiswa pagrey cast iron inowanzo dzorwa pa70-120 PPM, nepo kune ductile iron, iyo inonyanya kunzwa maburi, carburizer ine nitrogen shoma (yakadai se ≤200ppm) inofanira kusarudzwa.
Zvinodiwa pakushandisa zvinhu zvepamusoro-soro: Mukushandiswa kwema "castings" akanyatsogadzirwa se "crankshafts" dzeinjini, huwandu hwakawanda hwenitrogen hunogona kukonzera hunhu husina kunaka hwemakanika. Saka, zvinowedzera nitrogen carbon zvakakosha.
Kukanganisa kwakazara: Vimbiso yekukanda inoshanda, yepamusoro-soro uye inodhura zvishoma
Kuwedzera kwekabhoni inoshanda zvakanyanya: Kabhoni yakasimba uye dota shoma zvinoita kuti kabhoni inyungudike nekukurumidza, zvichideredza nguva yekunyungudutsa.
Kukanda kwemhando yepamusoro: Sarufa shoma nenitrogen shoma zvinodzivirira kutadza kwespheroidization uye zvikanganiso zvemaburi, zvichiita kuti pave nehunhu hwemakanika uye hwepamusoro.
Kudzora mutengo: Nekuderedza huwandu hwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa mukugadzira kabhoni, kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba uye mwero wezvigadzirwa zvisina kunaka, mutengo wekugadzira wese wakaderera zvakanyanya.
Kusimbiswa kwemuenzaniso
Chinowedzera kabhoni cheGraphite: Kabhoni isina kugadzika ≥99%, huwandu hwedota ≤0.5%, sarufa ≤0.05%, nitrogen ≤200ppm. Yakakodzera simbi ine ductile uye ine simba rekuwedzera kabhoni rinodarika 90%.
Calcined anthracite carbon additives: Fixed carbon 90%-95%, dota 4%-5%, sarufa 0.3%-0.5%, nitrogen 800-1200ppm. Yakakodzera grey cast iron, asi chiyero chinofanira kudzorwa kudzivirira sarufa nenitrogen yakawandisa.
Nguva yekutumira: Nyamavhuvhu-25-2025