Maitiro ekufamba uye kuvhiringidzika kwezvinhu zvidiki zvakaita sesodium (Na), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), uye calcium (Ca) mu petroleum coke panguva yekuumbwa kwe calcination zvinokanganiswa pamwe chete nekupisa, maitiro ezviitiko, uye maitiro emakemikari. Maitiro chaiwo ndeaya anotevera:
1. Kutama uye Kushanduka kweSodium (Na)
- Danho rekupisa kwakaderera (<1000°C): Sodium inonyanya kuwanikwa muchimiro chemunyu usingasanganisike (semuenzaniso, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride) kana organic complexes, isina kugadzikana zvakanyanya. Sezvo tembiricha ichikwira, inoora zvishoma nezvishoma kuita magasi oxides (semuenzaniso, Na₂O) kana hydroxides (semuenzaniso, NaOH).
- Danho rekupisa kwakanyanya (>1000°C): Kushanduka-shanduka kwesodium kunowedzera zvakanyanya. Makemikoro anogadzirwa nesarufa nechlorine (semuenzaniso, Na₂S, NaCl) anoora kana kunyorova nyore nyore pakupisa kwakanyanya, zvichiita kuti sodium ibude muchimiro chegasi.
- Zvinhu Zvinopesvedzera: Kuputika kwe sodium kunokanganiswa zvakanyanya nemhepo inonyungudutsa calcium (oxidizing/reducing). Kana mamiriro ezvinhu akadzikira, sodium inogona kuputika muchimiro che sulfides.
2. Kutama uye Kushanduka kweVanadium (V)
- Mafomu ekuwanikwa: Vanadium iri mu petroleum coke inonyanya kuwanikwa mumhando dzakasungwa ne organic (semuenzaniso, vanadyl porphyrins) uye mumhando dzakagadzikana (semuenzaniso, vanadium oxides, silicates).
- Danho rekupisa kwakaderera (<1100°C): Vanadium inosungwa nemakemikari inoora zvishoma nezvishoma nekupisa kuri kuwedzera, ichishanduka kuita mafomu anonyungudika mumvura, anogona kuchinjwa ion, kana kuti anosungwa necarbonate. Mamwe vanadium anoita calcium ne iron minerals kuti agadzire eutectics ine low-melting-point.
- Danho rekupisa kwakanyanya (>1100°C): Kushanduka kwevanadium kunowedzera zvakanyanya. Vanadium inosungwa nemakemikari inoora nekukurumidza kuita mhando dzeVOₓ dzine gasi (semuenzaniso, VO₂O₅), nepo vanadium yakagadzikana (semuenzaniso, V₂O₃) ichinyunguduka zvishoma uye inoburitsa vanadium shoma pakupisa kwakanyanya.
- Zvinhu Zvinopesvedzera: Kushanduka kwevanadium kunokonzerwa nekupisa, mwero wekutsva, uye kuumbwa kwemaminerari. Pakupisa kwakanyanya, vanadium inoumba maumbirwo e nanocrystalline ane silicon nesarufa, zvichikonzera kushanduka kwechikamu muchimiro chegasi.
3. Kutama uye Kushanduka kweNickel (Ni)
- Mafomu ekuwanikwa: Nickel mu petroleum coke inonyanya kuwanikwa muchimiro che sulfides (Ni₃S₂), oxides (NiO2), kana silicates.
- Danho rekupisa kwakaderera (<900°C): Nickel iripo seNi₃S₂, ine kusagadzikana kwakaderera.
- Danho repakati nepakati (900–1200°C): Ni₃S₂ inoshanduka kuita NiS zvishoma nezvishoma mu liquid slag, ichisvika paNiS yakawanda inosvika 22.4% pa1200°C, isati yadzokera kuNi₃S₂ sezvo tembiricha ichikwira zvakanyanya.
- Danho rekupisa kwakanyanya (>1400°C): Nickel inoshanduka kuita magasi (semuenzaniso, Ni(g), NiS(g)), asi Ni₃S₂ haichinji zvakananga kuita maNi(s) akasimba.
- Zvinhu Zvinopesvedzera: Kushanduka kwe nickel kunokanganiswa zvakanyanya nezvinhu zvinogadzira gasifying agents (semuenzaniso, O₂, H₂O). Kuwedzerwa kweO₂ kunodzivisa kushandurwa kweNi₃S₂ kuita elemental Ni uye kunodzivisa kuumbwa kwe spinel compounds (semuenzaniso, NiAl₂O₄).
4. Kutama uye Kushanduka kweCalcium (Ca)
- Mafomu ekuwanikwa: Calcium mu petroleum coke inonyanya kuwanikwa muchimiro che carbonates (CaCO₃), sulfates (CaSO₄), kana silicates.
- Danho rekupisa kwakaderera (<800°C): Macarbonates anoora kuita CaO neCO₂, nepo masulfate achiora kuita CaO neSO₃, zvichikonzera kuwanda kwecalcium muchimiro che oxide.
- Danho repakati nepakati rekupisa (800–1200°C): CaO inosangana nesilicon nearuminiyamu kuti igadzire zvicherwa zvine mwero wekunyunguduka (semuenzaniso, anorthite CaAl₂Si₂O₈), imwe calcium ichisara muchimiro chakasimba.
- Danho rekupisa kwakanyanya (>1200°C): Kushanduka kwecalcium kwakaderera, asi zvicherwa zvine mwero wekunyunguduka zvishoma zvinogona kunyunguduka kana kuora zvishoma pakupisa kwakanyanya, zvichiita kuti calcium ifambe muchimiro chegasi kana chemvura.
- Zvinhu Zvinopesvedzera: Kufamba kwecalcium kunokonzerwa zvakanyanya nechiyero chesilica-alumina uye chiyero cheiron-calcium. Kuwedzera kwechiyero chesilica-alumina kunokurudzira kushandurwa kweFeV₂O₄ kuita V₂O₃, ukuwo kuwedzera kwechiyero cheiron-calcium kuchidzivisa kuumbwa kweCaAl₂Si₂O₈.
Mapatani Akakwana
- Kuenderana nekupisa: Kuchinja kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinotevedzana kunowedzera nekupisa, asi kuchinja kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinochinja-chinja kunosiyana zvakanyanya pakati pezvinhu (semuenzaniso, vanadium inochinja zvakanyanya pamusoro pe1100°C, nepo nickel ichiva yakakosha pamusoro pe1400°C).
- Kukanganiswa kwemaitiro ezviitiko: Zvinhu zvinotevedzana zvakasungwa nezvisikwa (semuenzaniso, vanadium yeorganic) zvinoshanduka-shanduka kupfuura mafomu akagadzikana (semuenzaniso, vanadium oxides).
- Kudzora maitiro emakemikari: Kushanduka kwezvinhu zvinotevedzana kunodzorwa nekuita nesarufa neklorini, zvichigadzira nzvimbo yekunyunguduka yakaderera kana kuti magasi (semuenzaniso, Na₂S, VOₓ).
- Nzira dzekugadzirisa maitiro: Kudzora tembiricha ye calcination, mhepo, uye zvinowedzerwa (semuenzaniso, silica-alumina ratio modifiers) zvinogona kudzvinyirira kuputika kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza uye kuvandudza mhando ye calcined coke.
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-17-2026